Anti-inflammatory Activity of Sambucus Plant Bioactive Compounds against TNF-α and TRAIL as Solution to Overcome Inflammation Associated Diseases: The Insight from Bioinformatics Study

Inflammation is the crucial biological process of immune system which acts as body's defense and protective response against the injuries or infection. However, the systemic inflammation devotes the adverse effects such as multiple inflammation associated diseases. One of the best ways to treat this entity is by blocking the tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) to avoid the proinflammation cytokines production. Thus, this study aims to evaluate the potency of Sambucus bioactive compounds as anti-inflammation through in silico approach. In order to assess that, molecular docking was performed to evaluate the interaction properties between the TNF-α or TRAIL with the ligands. The 2D structure of ligands were retrieved online via PubChem and the 3D protein modeling was done by using SWISS Model. The prediction results of the study showed that caffeic acid (−6.4 kcal/mol) and homovanillic acid (−6.6 kcal/mol) have the greatest binding affinity against the TNF-α and TRAIL respectively. This evidence suggests that caffeic acid and homovanillic acid may potent as anti-inflammatory agent against the inflammation associated diseases. Finally, this study needs further examination and evaluation to validate the potency of Sambucus bioactive compounds.

Hematopoiesis Activity of Sambucus javanica on Chloramphenicol-induced Aplastic Anemia Mouse Model

Hematopoiesis has a pivotal role in the maintenance of body homeostasis. Ironically, several hematological disorder caused by chemicals, drugs, and other environmental factors lead to severe bone marrow failure. Current treatments like stem cell transplantation and immunosuppression remain ineffective to ameliorate this diseases. Therefore, a newtreatment to overcome this entity is necessary, one of them by promoting the usage of medicinal plants. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the hematopoiesis potency of S. javanica berries and leaves extracts in chloramphenicol (CMP)-induced aplastic anemia mice model. In this present study, several types of blood progenitor cell such as TER-119⁺VLA-4⁺ erythrocytes lineage, Gr-1⁺ granulocytes, and B220⁺ B-cell progenitor cells were evaluated by flow cytometry analysis. Accordingly, we revealed that S. javanica berries and leaves extracts significantly promoted TER-119⁺VLA-4⁺ erythrocytes lineage and Gr-1⁺ granulocytes after exposed by CMP. Thus, these results suggested that S. javanica berries and leaves extracts might have hematopoiesis activity in CMP-induced aplastic anemia mice model.

Assessment of the antiproliferative and antigenotoxic activity and phytochemical screening of aqueous extracts of Sambucus australis Cham. & Schltdl. (ADOXACEAE)

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to evaluate the antiproliferative and antigenotoxic activity of Sambucus australis Cham. & Schltdl. aqueous extracts on the cell cycle of Allium cepa L. as well as determine the phenolic compounds in such extracts. S. australis inflorescences and leaves of two accessions were used for aqueous extract preparation at concentrations: 0.003 g/ml and 0.012 g/ml. A. cepa bulbs were rooted in distilled water and, subsequently, placed in treatments for 24 hours. Rootlets were collected and fixed in modified Carnoy's solution for 24 hours and kept. The squash technique was performed for slide preparation. Root tips were smashed and stained with 2% acetic orcein, and a total of 4000 cells per treatment were analyzed. The phenolic compounds were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography and data was analyzed using the Scott-Knott test. The results show that S. australis aqueous extracts have antiproliferative potential. Besides, the extracts prepared from S. australis leaves of both accessions at a concentration of 0.012 g/ml have shown antigenotoxic activity. The phytochemical analysis allowed us to determine the presence of flavonoids and phenolic acids, of which kaempferol and chrologenic acid were the most predominant compounds in the extracts from the inflorescences and leaves, respectively.

Morphoanatomical characterization and chemical study of the internal portion of the stem bark of Sambucus australis Cham. & Schltdl / Caracterização morfoanatômica e estudo químico da porção interna da casca do caule de Sambucus australis Cham. & Schltdl.

ABSTRACT The internal part of the stem bark of this species is used to produce a homemade ointment in some regions of the state of Rio Grande do Sul. The purpose of this study is to characterize the morphoanatomy and identify the compounds present in the internal part of the stem bark of S. australis through chemical and histochemical methods. In addition, the best extraction conditions for the sample were determined. It was possible to quantify the rutin and total phenolic compounds, as well as define the Soxhlet method with an 80% hydroethanolic solution as the best method for extracting these compounds from the bark of the species. The portion of the stem bark that is popularly used could also be determined. Based on the results, new studies will be performed in order to identify other characteristics of the species and the possible reasons that sustain its traditional use.

RESUMO Sambucus australis Cham. & Schtdl. (Adoxaceae) é uma espécie arbórea nativa do sul do Brazil, conhecida como “sabugueiro”. A parte interna da casca do caule dessa espécie é utilizada na produção de uma pomada caseira em algumas regiões do estado do Rio Grande do Sul. O objetivo desse estudo é caracterizar a morfoanatomia e identificar compostos presentes na parte interna da casca do caule de S. australis por métodos químicos e histoquímicos. Ademais, realizou-se avaliações para determinar as melhores condições extrativas para a amostra. Foi possível quantificar rutina e compostos fenólicos totais, além de determinar o método Soxhlet com solvente hidroetanólico 80% como o melhor método para extrair esses compostos da casca da espécie. Ainda foi possível determinar a porção da casca do caule utilizada popularmente. Com base nos resultados, novas investigações serão realizadas a fim de determinar mais características da espécie e as possíveis razões que corroboram o uso tradicional.

Uso tradicional del saúco (Sambucus mexicana) como planta medicinal en el caserío La Libertad, aldea Salquil Grande, municipio de Nebaj, departamento de Quiché / Uso tradicional del saúco (Sambucus mexicana) como planta medicinal en el caserío La Libertad, aldea Salquil Grande, municipio de Nebaj, departamento de Quiché

En Guatemala, existe una gran variedad de recursos naturales, entre ellos prevalece la flora, con una diversidad de especies útiles e importantes para las necesidades básicas y salud de las personas. La población posee grandes conocimientos sobre la producción de plantas para su consumo alimenticio y para usos medicinales, especialmente la etnia de origen Maya, ha adquirido variedad de experiencias de sus ancestros en el uso tradicional de plantas medicinales para tratar y curar enfermedades que afectan la salud humana. Han obtenido como herencia cultural el uso tradicional del saúco (Sambucus mexicana) como planta medicinal que ha brindado beneficios a la salud. Los efectos de la globalización, especialmente el crecimiento de los fármacos ha provocado las pérdida de conocimientos sobre el uso de las plantas medicinales, dichas experiencias se han reducido en pocas personas. En la actualidad, la producción de medicamentos se ha incrementado, y debido a su alto costo, no todas las personas tienen acceso a ellos. La mayoría de personas del área rural del municipio de Santa María Nebaj, especialmente en el caserío La Libertad, aldea Salquil Grande, son de escasos recursos económicos, han dependido en su mayor parte del cultivo de maíz, frijol y de otras actividades de campo, no tienen la suficiente capacidad económica para sufragar gastos en medicina, lo que hace que acudan a las plantas medicinales para tratar sus enfermedades. El estudio que se realizó sobre el uso tradicional del saúco (Sambucus mexicana) en el caserío La Libertad, aldea Salquil Grande, se centró en generar información básica sobre los beneficios y consecuencias que dicha planta medicinal, así también preservar los conocimientos sobre el cultivo y uso de la planta, que servirá a las generaciones actuales y futuras. Este estudio está integrado por cuatro capítulo I, la primera describe planteamiento del problema de investigación, justificación, el objetivo de la investigación. En el capítulo II, desarrollo del marco teórico se sustenta el estudio de investigación. Descripción del medio ambiente, las plantas medicinales, su historia y sus usos. Así mismo se desarrolla en mayor parte la teoría sobre el saúco (Sambucus mexicana) como planta medicinal estudiada, su descripción botánica, las formas de obtención y hábitat de la misma, sus propiedades medicinales y los usos que se hacen de ella, así como las formas de preparación y empleo para el tratamiento de enfermedades comunes, resaltando los principales beneficios de dicha planta para la salud humana. El capítulo III, presenta la metodología para el desarrollo y éxito del estudio descriptivo, describe la delimitación geográfica de la investigación, las limitaciones posibles, población y muestra, los instrumentos de investigación utilizados para el logro de dicho estudio, exponiendo el plan de análisis de los resultados. El capítulo IV, expone el análisis e interpretación de los datos o resultados del estudio obtenido a través de los instrumentos de investigación de campo, esta interpretación de datos se expone por cada pregunta de investigación y los resultados se reflejan por medio de gráficas y cuadros cuantitativos. De los resultados se presenta la discusión de la información recabada, finalizando con la exposición de conclusiones y recomendaciones sobre el estudio. Así mismo se propone una guía didáctica para docentes del nivel primario, sobre el uso tradicional del saúco (Sambucus mexicana) como planta medicinal para la salud, dicha guía es un aporte que se realizó como resultado de la investigación y servirá para divulgar el conocimiento de la medicina a las generaciones presentes y futuras. El estudio expone la incidencia positiva del saúco (Sambucus mexicana) en la salud de personas en el caserío La Libertad, aldea Salquil Grande, describiendo los grandes beneficios que se obtiene de uso tradicional.

Lignans isolated from stems of Sambucus williamsii and their proliferation effects on UMR106 cells / 中国中药杂志

The present study aims to investigate the lignan constituents from Sambucus williamsii and their proliferation effects on osteoblast-like UMR106 cells. Seven compounds were isolated and purified by macroporous resin D101, silica gel, Sephadex LH-20, Toyopearl HW-40, ODS column chromatographies and Preparative HPLC(C-18). Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods as threo-guaiacylglycerol-beta-0-4'-conifery ether (1), lirioresinol A (2), 1-hydroxypinoresinol (3), 5-methoxybalanophonin (4), balanophonin (5), 5-methoxy-trans-dihydrodehydrodiconiferyl alcohol (6), and p-hydroxybenzaldehyde (7). Compounds 3-7 were obtained from this genus for the first time. The proliferation effects of all isolated compounds on osteoblast-like UMR106 cells were determined. Compounds 1-7 (1 x 10(-12)-1 x 10(-7) mol x L(-1)) increased UMR106 cell proliferation to some extent.

Effect of Sambucus sieboldiana Extract on the Cell Growth and Extracellular Matrix Formation in Osteoblast Cells

Sambucus sieboldiana (SS) is a member of the family Caprifoliaceae and has been recommended as a functional material because of its several bioactivities. Although numerous literatures are available on the pharmacological and biological activities, the biological activity of SS in bone regeneration process has not yet been well-defined. Therefore, in this study, the effect of SS was investigated in the proliferation and differentiation of MC3T3-E1 osteoblastic cell line. The treatment of SS did not significantly affect the cell proliferation in MC3T3-E1 cells. SS significantly accelerated the mineralization and significantly increased the expression of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and osteocalcin (OC) mRNAs, compared to the control, in the differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells. SS significantly accelerated the decrease of osteonectin (ON) mRNA expression as compared with the control in a time-dependent manner in the differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells. These results suggest that the SS facilitate the osteoblast differentiation and mineralization in MC3T3-E1 osteoblastic cells. Therefore, there may be potential properties for development and clinical application of bone regeneration materials.

Determination of ursolic acid of Sambucus adnata / 中国中药杂志

HPLC was used to determine the content of ursolic acid of Sambucus adnata from different origins. The content of ursolic acid range between 1.14 to 5.7 microg, r = 0.999 8, the recovery range from 99.8% to 101.3%. The method is quick, sensitive and repeatable for determination of the content of ursolic acid of S. adnata.

Chemical constituents from Sambucus chinensis / 中国中药杂志

Five compounds were separated from Sambucus chinensis and identified as maslinic acid(1), 12alpha, 13-dihydroxyolean-3-oxo-28-oic acid(2), 13-hydroxyolean-3-oxo-28-oic acid (3), 3-oxo oleanolic acid (4), corosolic acid (5). Of them,compound 3 was a new compound, and compounds 1, 2, 4, and 5 were seperated from this plant for the first time.

Lignans from stems of Sambucus williamsii / 中国中药杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the chemical constitutents of the 60% ethanol extract of the stems of Sambucus williamsii.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>Compounds were isolated and purified by Diaion D101, silica gel,Sephadex LH-20, ODS column chromatography and preparative HPLC. Their structures were identified by spectroscopic methods.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>Seven lignans were isolated and identified as erythro-guaiacylglycerol-beta-O-4'-sinapyl ether (1), 1-( 4'-hydroxy-3'-methoxyphenyl) -2- [4"-( 3-hydroxypropyl) -2", 6"-dimethoxyphenoxy] propane-1,3-diol (2), isolariciresinol (3), burselignan (4), lyoniresinol (5), 5-methoxy-isolariciresinol (6), cycloolivil (7).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>All these compounds were obtained from this genus for the first time.</p>

Kinetics of high-level of ß-glucosidase production by a 2-deoxyglucose-resistant mutant of Humicola lanuginosa in submerged fermentation / Cinética de produção de ß-glucosidase por um mutante de Hemicola lanuginosa resistente a 2-deoxiglucose em fermentação submersa

A 2-deoxyglucose-resistant mutant (M7) of Humicola lanuginosa was obtained by exposing conidia to γ-rays and permitting expression in broth containing 0.6 percent 2-deoxyglucose (DG) and cellobiose (1 percent) before plating on DG esculin-ferric ammonium citrate agar medium from which colonies showing faster and bigger blackening zones were selected. Kinetic parameters for enhanced ß-glucosidase (BGL) synthesis by M7 were achieved when corncobs acted as the carbon source. The combination between corncobs and corn steep liquor was the best to support higher values of all product formation kinetic parameters. Effect of temperature on the kinetic and thermodynamic attributes of BGL production equilibrium in the wild organismand M7was studied using batch process at eight different temperatures in shake-flask studies. The best performance was found at 45ºC and 20 g L-1 corncobs in 64 h. Both growth and product formation (17.93 U mL-1) were remarkably high at 45ºC and both were coupled under optimum working conditions. Product yield of BGL from the mutant M7 (1556.5 U g-1 dry corncobs) was significantly higher than the values reported on all fungal and bacterial systems. Mutation had thermo-stabilization influence on the organism and mutant required lower activation energy for growth and lower magnitudes of enthalpy and entropy for product formation than those demanded by the wild organism, other mesophilic and thermo-tolerant organisms. In the inactivation phase, the organisms needed lower values of activation energy, enthalpy and entropy for product formation equilibrium, confirming thermophilic nature of metabolic network possessed by the mutant organism.

Um mutante de Hemicola lanuginosa resistente a 2-deoxiglucose(M7) foi obtido através de exposição de conídios a raios γ, permitindo a expressão em caldo contendo 0,6 por cento de 2-deoxiglucose (DG) e celobiose (1 por cento) antes da semeadura em ágar DG esculina citrato de ferro amoniacal, da qual foram selecionadas as colônias com halo negro. Os parâmetros cinéticos para produção aumentada de ß-glucosidase (BGL) foram obtidos empregando-se sabugo de milho como fonte de carbono. A combinação de espiga de milho com água de maceração de milho foi a que forneceu os valores mais altos nos parâmetros cinéticos de formação de todos os produtos. O efeito da temperatura na cinética e atributos termodinâmicos da produção de BGL pelas cepas selvagem e M7 foi avaliado empregando-se processo de batelada em oito temperaturas diferentes in frascos em agitação. O melhor desempenho foi observado a 45ºC e 20g.l-1 de espiga de milho em 64h. Tanto a multiplicação quanto a formação do produto foram muito altas a 45ºC e ambas estavam ligadas em condições ótimas de trabalho. O rendimento de BGL produzido pelo mutante M7 (1556 U.g-1 de espiga seca) foi significativamente superior aos valores reportados para todos os sistemas fúngicos e bacterianos. A mutação influenciou a termoestabilização no microrganismo, sendo que o mutante necessitou de energia de ativação mais baixa para multiplicação e valores mais baixos de entalpia e entropia para a formação do produto quando comparado à cepa selvagem e a outros microrganismos mesofilicos e termotolerantes. Na fase de inativação, os microrganismos necessitaram valores mais baixos de energia de ativação, entalpia e entropia para o equilíbrio da formação de produto, confirmando a natureza termofílica da máquina metabólica do mutante.

Caracterização farmacobotânica das espécies de Sambucus (Caprifoliaceae) utilizadas como medicinais no Brasil: Parte II. Sambucus australis Cham. & Schltdl. / Pharmacobotany of Sambucus species (Caprifoliaceae), used in traditional medicine in Brazil: Part II. Sambucus australis Cham. & Schltdl

Sambucus australis Cham. & Schltdl. (sabugueiro-do-rio-grande, Caprifoliaceae) é uma planta medicinal descrita apenas na primeira edição da Farmacopéia Brasileira. A espécie é nativa no Brasil, e suas flores são utilizadas na medicina popular, na forma de infusão ou decocção, como diuréticas, antipiréticas, antiinflamatórias, laxativo leve e no tratamento de doenças do aparelho respiratório. Visando elaborar uma monografia farmacopéica atualizada e comparativa com a de Sambucus nigra L., de origem européia, foram estabelecidos os caracteres botânicos macro e microscópicos, através da metodologia clássica utilizada em morfoanatomia vegetal. São características macroscópicas: flores morfologicamente monoclinas; corola de sete a dez milímetros de diâmetro; pétalas com cinco, raro quatro nervuras paralelas; estames curtos e longos; gineceu em regra com cinco lóculos. São características microscópicas: cutícula espessa e estriada; ausência de idioblastos de areia cristalina de oxalato de cálcio; estômatos anomocíticos; brácteas anfiestomáticas; sépalas hipoestomáticas; pétalas anfi-hipoestomáticas; células epidérmicas da face abaxial de sépalas e pétalas retilíneas a sinuosas; células epidérmicas do filete alongadas e de paredes retilíneas; tricomas tectores e glandulares de diferentes tipos; brácteas, sépalas e pétalas com mesofilo homogêneo; sistema vascular representado por feixes colaterais ou agrupamentos de elementos xilemáticos; presença de gotas lipídicas em todas as peças.

Sambucus australis Cham. & Schltdl. (sabugueiro-do-rio-grande, Caprifoliaceae) is a medicinal plant described only in the first edition of Brazilian Pharmacopoeia. This species is native to Brazil, and its flowers are used in the folk medicine, with diuretic purpose, antipiretic, anti-inflammatory, mild laxative and to treat respiratory diseases, on infusions or decoctions forms. Aiming at elaborating an updated pharmacopoeical monograph and comparing it with the monograph of Sambucus nigra L., from Europe, it was established the macro and microscopic botanical characters, through the classic methodology used in plant morpho-anatomy. The macroscopic characters are: morphologic monoclin flowers; corolla with seven to ten millimeters of diameter; petals with five, rarely four parallel veins; shorter and longer stamens; ovary oftenly with five locules. The main microscopic characters are: thickned and striated cuticule; absense of idioblasts with calcium oxalate sandy cristals; anomocytic stomatas; amphystomatic bracts; hypostomatic sepals; amphi-hypostomatic petals; wavy and straight epidermal cells in the lower surface of sepals and petals; filaments epidermal cells with narrow and straight walls; glandular and non-glandular trichomes of different types; homogeneous mesophyll in bracts, sepals and petals; vascular system represented by both collateral bundles and xylematic elements; volatile and non volatile oil globules in all structures.

Efeito alelopático de capim limão e sabugueiro sobre agerminação de guanxuma / Allelopathic effect of lemongrass and sabugueiro on Cuban jute germination

A espécie invasora guanxuma (Sida rhombifolia L.) é comum em áreas de plantio direto e destaca-se nacompetição com a cultura agrícola por apresentar um sistema radicular bastante eficiente; para tanto, seucontrole depende comumente de aplicações químicas em larga escala. O presente estudo teve comoobjetivo avaliar o efeito alelopático do extrato aquoso quente das espécies medicinais capim limão(Cymbopogon citratus Stapf.) e sabugueiro (Sambucus australis Cham & Schltdl.) sobre a germinaçãoda espécie invasora guanxuma. O experimento foi realizado em duas etapas complementares: primeiramentevisou-se à quebra de dormência da espécie invasora e depois, verificou-se o efeito de capim limão esabugueiro sobre a germinação de guanxuma. O acondicionamento das sementes foi realizado em placasde Petri previamente autoclavadas por 20 minutos a 121°C, dispostas em Câmara de Germinação comfotoperíodo de 12 horas a 25°C. Diante das condições em que foi realizado o experimento, identificou-sepossível efeito alelopático na germinação de sementes de guanxuma quando expostas ao extrato aquosoquente das duas espécies medicinais.

The invasive species Cuban jute (Sida rhombifolia L.) is common in no-till areas. It is an important competitor of crops because of a quite effective root system. For this reason, Cuban jute control commonly is made on large-scale applications of chemicals. This study seeks to make a contribution to the control of Cuban jute via allelopathy using hot aqueous extracts of the medicinal species lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus Stapf.) and sabugueiro (Sambucus australis Cham & Schltdl.). The experiment was carried out in two complementary steps: first we attempted to overcome dormancy of the invasive species, and then we investigated the effect of the medicinal species lemongrass and sabugueiro on Cuban jute germination. The seeds were placed in Petri dishes previously autoclaved for 20 minutes at 121°C and then taken to a germination chamber with a photoperiod of 12 hours at 25°C. A potential allelopathic, inhibitory effect was identified on Cuban jute seed germination when the weed was exposed to the hot aqueous extract of both medicinal species.

Advances in research on chemistry and pharmacology of Sambucus chinensis / 中国中药杂志

The progress in research on the active ingredients of Sambucus Chinensis and pharmacological activities was reviewed. It is important to study the chemical constituents and phamacological activities of Sambucus chinensis.

Changes of the Sialoglycoconjugates in the Maxillary Sinus Mucosa of theRabbits after Inoculation of Influenza a Virus / 대한이비인후과학회지

The present study was carried out in order to observe the changes in the expression of the sialoglycoconjugates of the rabbit sinus mucosa after inoculation of influenza A virus utilizing a biotin labeled lectins for light microscopy with four different lectins; Maackia amurensis(MAA), Wheat germ agglutinin(WGA), Sambucus nigra(SNA), and Peanut(PNA). A comparison of the affinity of these lectins demonstrated the different distribution of sialoglycoconjugates in the ciliary layer and goblet cells. The normal sinus mucosa stained with four types of lectins showed that the sialoglycoconjugates were mainly distributed in the ciliary layer and goblet cells. Moreover, the main sugar residues of the sialoglycoconjugates were figured out to be consisted of Neu5Ac(alpha2,3)Gal, GlcNAc and Neu5Ac. Influenza A virus infection decreased the staining intensity of the mucosa with MAA, but not with WGA. The staining intensity of PNA, however, was highly increased in the viral infected mucosa. These results suggest that Neu5Ac(alpha2,3)Gal sugar residues may be required as protecting factor or modulator for Influenza A virus infectivity.